How much chip does on the car? According to the function, the car chip can be roughly divided into three categories: the first category is responsible for computing power and processing, such as the AI chip used for autonomous driving perception and fusion. ; The second type is responsible for power conversion, such as IGBT (insulating grid bipolar transistor) and other power devices; the third class is sensing chip for autonomous driving various radars, as well as airbags, tire pressure detection, and so on.
According to estimates, the average car is equipped with about 1,600 semiconductors per car. These semiconductor devices are distributed in various equipment and systems of cars. It is the car chip that dominates their coordinated work, such as logical computing chips, storage chips, microcontrollers MCU, etc.
From the perspective of application, the car is small to the tire pressure monitoring system TMPS, camera, as large as the vehicle controller, and the autonomous driver's regional controller, which is inseparable from all kinds of chips. It can be said that the intelligentization of cars is the intelligentization of the chip.
The number of traditional cars' chips is about 500 ~ 600. With the increase in autonomous driving and new energy functions, the number of chips is about 1,000 to 1200. And some intelligent models, there are more chips.
What is the lack of core tide?
Since 2020, the core of the core has begun to appear, and even intensified. What is the lack of?
Zhu Yulong, a senior electric vehicle three -electricity system and automotive electronics engineer, told reporters that in fact, the core tide can be divided into three stages.
The first stage occurred in December 2020. At that time, Volkswagen Group, Malaysia Tires and Bosch began to release the core of the automotive industry from the perspective of supply chain shortage. At that time, the main statement was that due to the influence of the epidemic and the imbalance caused by the mismatch of supply and demand, the car chip required for automobile production, especially the core component engine ECU (electronic control unit) and ESP (body electronic stability system) supply As a result, the production of automotive and components around the world is directly implicated.
The second stage is the shortage of the MCU (microcontroller) chip, which is reflected in the survey report of various companies in February.
In all aspects of automotive electronics, a large number of MCU microcontrollers are used. Due to the miniaturization and high -frequency requirements of IC (micro -electronic devices), MCU needs a process of less than 40nm, most IDM (data reuse equipment) outsourcing chip production to TSMC (TSMC) and other foundries, TMSC production shipments and shipments are produced. It accounts for about all car MCU70 % of the market share. Because the market for the MCU chip is also highly concentrated, the top 7 MCU suppliers account for about 98 % of demand.
At that time, the bottleneck was TSMC. Since the car business accounted for only 3%of its total income, this bottleneck would not be resolved for a while. As the governments of various countries also have the mediation of car companies, the bottleneck of TSMC has gradually broke through.
At this stage, car companies even started preparation and switching across the MCU platform. This is not only the business process from one supplier to another, but also needs to adjust the technical parts such as software and hardware at the same time. In this way, car companies have overcome difficulties.
At present, the third stage has been experienced. Due to the intensification of the Southeast Asian epidemic, the factory of a car chip supplier centered on Malaysia, after several weeks of discontinuation of the factory, was once again requested by the local government to close some production line until August 21. This directly leads to the deterioration of chip supply, and it has also lacked from the original MCU to the core chip.
The discontinuation of chip manufacturers has caused Bosch's ESP (body electronic stabilization system)/IPB (parking brake), VCU (vehicle control unit), TCU (gearbox control unit) and other products. The supplier of automobile parts, the supply gap between its chassis and safety components, has produced a significant blow to all vehicle companies around the world.
What is the right to speak in car customers?
Li Shaohua, Deputy Secretary -General of the China Automobile Industry Association, pointed out that the size of the chip in the global semiconductor industry is between US $ 300 billion and US $ 400 billion. Among them, the chip of the car is about 40 billion US dollars, accounting for less than 10%. Obviously It will cause car companies to disadvantage the disadvantaged situation when laying out of production or competing for orders.
From the perspective of technical requirements, car -level chips really make most chip companies discourage. Consumer electronic chip technology iterations are very fast, and car -level chips are almost more than ten years ago. However, although the technology is "outdated", the threshold has not been reduced. On the contrary, the high requirements of car -level chips for performance indicators, service life, reliability, safety, and quality consistency are difficult to match consumer electronics chips.
The high standards, strict requirements, and long cycles of car -level chips have repeatedly raised the threshold for entry, which also directly leads to a chip company with strong comprehensive ability or vertical integration capabilities and ability to exert its scale advantage to the extreme. The regulatory chip is included in the production list. Looking at the world, such car -level chip companies are also a few in NXP, Bingfei, and Siemens. There are more monks and less porridge, which is another reason that leads to the supply of car chips.
Can't the chip be replaced?
The production capacity of the chip is constantly decreasing, but the price is constantly increasing. Earlier, Tesla CEO Musk spoke in online social media: "Grab a chip like grabbing toilet paper."
Why not take the opportunity to replace domestic chips? Some experts said that this short -term may not be achieved.
Because compared to consumer chips and general industrial chips, the working environment of automotive chips is worse: the temperature range can be width to -40 ℃ ~ 155 ℃, high vibration, multi-dust, electromagnetic interference, etc. Due to personal safety issues, car chips have higher requirements for reliability and safety. The general design life is 15 years or 200,000 kilometers. The "car-level" chip needs to undergo rigorous certification processes, including reliability standards AEC-Q100, quality management standards ISO/TS 16949, functional security standards ISO26262, etc.
From the perspective of production capacity, it often takes 2 years to introduce the import equipment. It also takes 2 to 3 years to complete the auto regulations and enter the supply chain of the entire vehicle factory. Judging from the actual effect, the shortage of chips under the moment is not eager to help. Therefore, it is difficult to quickly increase the supply through new capacity of vehicle regulations, and it is mainly through the existing production capacity supply and demand deployment.
However, in the face of the future, my country is striving to establish a comprehensive automotive chip industry innovation ecosystem to solve the shortcomings of my country's automotive industry's next development. BYD, SAIC and many semiconductor companies in domestic car companies have successively entered the field of vehicle -level chips.
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